Federal Reserve officials agreed last month that interest rates may need to keep rising for longer to prevent higher inflation from becoming entrenched, even if that slowed the U.S. economy.
Policy makers backed raising rates at their next meeting in July by either 50 or 75 basis points, according to minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee’s June 14-15 policy meeting released Wednesday in Washington. They viewed maintaining the central bank’s credibility to control inflation as crucial.
Bloomberg News
“Many participants judged that a significant risk now facing the committee was that elevated inflation could become entrenched if the public began to question the resolve of the committee,” the minutes showed. “They recognized the possibility that an even more restrictive stance could be appropriate if elevated inflation pressures were to persist.”
The record was heavy with references to price pressures and why they might take time to ease. Officials “recognized that policy firming could slow the pace of economic growth for a time, but they saw the return of inflation to 2% as critical to achieving maximum employment on a sustained basis.”
Two-year Treasury yields, which are sensitive to Fed policy, pushed higher after release of the minutes and investors contained to bet the fed would hike by 75 basis points later this month.
The Fed’s aggressive push to curb the hottest inflation in 40 years has convulsed financial markets as investors fret that tighter monetary policy will tip the U.S. economy into recession. The word “recession” was not mentioned once in the minutes, compared with 90 references to inflation.
Officials hiked rates by 75 basis points in June, the most since 1994, lifting their benchmark to a target range of 1.5% to 1.75%, and Chair Jerome Powell suggested they could do the same thing again in July.
He told reporters at a post-meeting press conference that another 75 basis-point increase, or a 50 basis-point move, was most likely on the table when policy makers gather July 26-27.
Officials went big in June — despite previously signaling they favored a 50 basis-point hike — after inflation data came in hot and a key indicator hinted that expectations for future price pressures could be accelerating among U.S. consumers.
“Developments since the June decision — intensifying recession chatter, slowing consumer demand, falling oil prices and lower inflation expectations than previously feared — mean the FOMC is more likely to opt for a 50-bp hike this month than another supersized move. Still, the Fed has left both options open,” said Yelena Shulyatyeva and Andrew Husby (economists)
Kansas City Fed President Esther George, who dissented against the increase in favor of a smaller hike, was the only one of the 18 policy makers who did not back moving by 75 basis points in June, the minutes showed.
Several officials since that gathering have echoed Powell’s characterization of the likely outcome of the July rate decision, even as recession fears mount.
The personal consumption expenditures price index, which the Fed uses for its inflation target, has risen 6.3% since May 2021 — more than three times the central bank’s 2% target.
Powell has said there are pathways for bringing inflation down while keeping the labor market strong but acknowledged it will be a challenge.
Economists have downgraded growth forecasts on the heels of data showing weakness in consumer spending, a tightening of financial conditions and a decline in U.S. manufacturing activity.
Mortgage rates, which have doubled since the start of the year, are also cooling the housing market and some businesses are seeing lower demand.
Odds of a U.S. recession in the next year are now roughly one in three, according to Bloomberg Economics. Similar pessimism is evident in interest-rate future markets: Investors bet the Fed will reverse course next year, halting rate hikes sooner than officials forecast and beginning to cut rates by mid-2023.